Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in Egypt in 2018, by sector
which was a share of over 68 percent. Moreover, the government followed with an expenditure of 9.01 billion Egyptian pounds (574.99 million U.S. dollars) on R&D.
In 2018, the total gross domestic spending on research and development (GERD) amounted to around 32.1 billion Egyptian pounds. Institutions of higher education spent the most on research and development (R&D), reaching roughly 21.9 billion Egyptian pounds (1.4 billion U.S. dollars),