Global particulate emissions damage as a share of GNI 1990-2021, by select country
Particulate emission damage as a share of gross national income (GNI) is noticeably higher in developing countries than in developed countries. For instance, PM2.5 emission damage as a share of Chad's GNI was reported at 3.21 percent in 2021. This was well above the world average of 0.24 percent.